===== Alpha Instruction Set =====

==== Primer ====

Raymond Chen's blog series about the Alpha is an excellent (albeit Windows-focused) discussion of the instruction set.

  * [[https://devblogs.microsoft.com/oldnewthing/20170807-00/?p=96766|The Alpha AXP, part 1: Initial plunge]]
  * [[https://devblogs.microsoft.com/oldnewthing/20170808-00/?p=96775|The Alpha AXP, part 2: Integer calculations]]
  * [[https://devblogs.microsoft.com/oldnewthing/20170809-00/?p=96785|The Alpha AXP, part 3: Integer constants]]
  * [[https://devblogs.microsoft.com/oldnewthing/20170810-00/?p=96795|The Alpha AXP, part 4: Bit 15. Ugh. Bit 15.]]
  * [[https://devblogs.microsoft.com/oldnewthing/20170811-00/?p=96805|The Alpha AXP, part 5: Conditional operations and control flow]]
  * [[https://devblogs.microsoft.com/oldnewthing/20170814-00/?p=96806|The Alpha AXP, part 6: Memory access, basics]]
  * [[https://devblogs.microsoft.com/oldnewthing/20170815-00/?p=96816|The Alpha AXP, part 7: Memory access, loading unaligned data]]
  * [[https://devblogs.microsoft.com/oldnewthing/20170816-00/?p=96825|The Alpha AXP, part 8: Memory access, storing bytes and words and unaligned data]]
  * [[https://devblogs.microsoft.com/oldnewthing/20170817-00/?p=96835|The Alpha AXP, part 9: The memory model and atomic memory operations]]
  * [[https://devblogs.microsoft.com/oldnewthing/20170818-00/?p=96845|The Alpha AXP, part 10: Atomic updates to byte and word memory units]]
  * [[https://devblogs.microsoft.com/oldnewthing/20170821-00/?p=96855|The Alpha AXP, part 11: Processor faults]]
  * [[https://devblogs.microsoft.com/oldnewthing/20170822-00/?p=96865|The Alpha AXP, part 12: How you detect carry on a processor with no carry?]]
  * [[https://devblogs.microsoft.com/oldnewthing/20170823-00/?p=96875|The Alpha AXP, part 13: On treating a 64-bit processor as if it were a 32-bit processor]]
  * [[https://devblogs.microsoft.com/oldnewthing/20170825-00/?p=96887|The Alpha AXP, part 14: On the strange behavior of writes to the zero register]]
  * [[https://devblogs.microsoft.com/oldnewthing/20170828-00/?p=96895|The Alpha AXP, part 15: Variadic functions]]
  * [[https://devblogs.microsoft.com/oldnewthing/20170829-00/?p=96897|The Alpha AXP, part 16: What are the dire consequences of having 32-bit values in non-canonical form?]]
  * [[https://devblogs.microsoft.com/oldnewthing/20170830-00/?p=96906|The Alpha AXP, part 17: Reconstructing a call stack]]

There were valuable comments on the blog posts, but they appear to have been lost when the blogging platform changed.

==== Hello World! ====

<code asm>
# hello.S
# gcc hello.S -o hello
# ./hello
.data
PRINT:	.ascii		"Hello, World!\n"

.text
	.align	4
	.set	noreorder
	.arch	ev4
	.globl	main
	.ent	main

main:	ldgp	$gp,0($27)		# load global pointer
	stq	$26,0($sp)		# save return address to stack

	lda	$16,PRINT		# load format string
					# $16 is first argument to functions
	jsr	$26,printf		# call printf
	ldgp	$gp,0($26)		# reload global pointer
					# (necessary after function calls)

	mov	$31,$0			# return val = 0
	ldq	$26,0($sp)		# load return address from stack
	ret	$31,($26),1		# return, (1 signifies return from a procedure)
	.end	main
</code>

==== Registers ====

=== Integer ===

There are 32 integer registers. The **$31** register holds the constant value **0**. Writes to it are ignored.

By convention 12 registers are for temporary values, 6 are saved across function calls, and 6 are for passing arguments to functions.

^ Register ^ Alternate Name ^ Preserved? ^ Purpose ^
| **$0** | **$v0** | No | Return Value |
| **$1**–**$8** | **$t0**–**$t7** | No | Temporary Registers |
| **$9**–**$14** | **$s0**–**$s5** | Yes | Saved Registers |
| **$15** | **$s6** or **$fp** | Yes | Saved Register or Frame Pointer |
| **$16**–**$21** | **$a0**–**$a5** | No | Function Arguments |
| **$22**–**$25** | **$t8**–**$t11** | No | Temporary Registers |
| **$26** | **$ra** | Yes | Function Return Address |
| **$27** | **$pv** or **$t12** | No | Procedure Value or Temporary Register |
| **$28** | **$at** | No | Reserved for Assembler |
| **$29** | **$gp** | No | Global Pointer |
| **$30** | **$sp** | Yes | Stack Pointer |
| **$31** | **$zero** | | Zero Sink |

=== Floating-Point ===

There are 32 floating-point registers. The **$f31** register holds the constant value **0.0**. Writes to it are ignored.

By convention, 15 registers are for temporary values, 8 are saved across function calls, and 6 are for passing arguments to functions.

^ Register ^ Preserved? ^ Purpose ^
| **$f0** | No | Return Value |
| **$f1** | No | Return Value of Imaginary Part |
| **$f2**–**$f9** | Yes | Saved Registers |
| **$f10**–**$f15** | No | Temporary Registers |
| **$f16**–**$f21** | No | Function Arguments |
| **$f22**–**$f30** | No | Temporary Registers |
| **$f31** | | Zero Sink |

==== ISA Extensions ====

=== Presence Detection ===

To determine the presence of instruction set extensions at runtime, use the [[amask]] instruction.

=== Byte/Word eXtensions (BWX) ===

The [[wp>DEC_Alpha#Byte-Word_Extensions_(BWX)|Byte/Word eXtensions (BWX)]] were introduced in the EV56 and are available in all subsequent implementations.

^ Mnemonic ^ Description ^
| **ldbu** | Load byte unaligned |
| **ldwu** | Load word unaligned |
| **sextb** | Sign-extend byte |
| **sextw** | Sign-extend word |
| **stb** | Store byte |
| **stw** | Store word |

=== Motion Video Instructions (MVI) ===

[[wp>DEC_Alpha#Motion_Video_Instructions_(MVI)|Motion Video Instructions (MVI)]] were introduced in the PCA56 and are available in all subsequent implementations.


^ Mnemonic ^ Instruction ^
| **maxsb8** | Vector Signed Byte Maximum |
| **maxsw4** | Vector Signed Word Maximum |
| **maxub8** | Vector Unsigned Byte Maximum |
| **maxuw4** | Vector Unsigned Word Maximum |
| **minsb8** | Vector Signed Byte Minimum |
| **minsw4** | Vector Signed Word Minimum |
| **minub8** | Vector Unsigned Byte Minimum |
| **minuw4** | Vector Unsigned Word Minimum |
| **perr** | Pixel Error |
| **pklb** | Pack Longwords to Bytes |
| **pkwb** | Pack Words to Bytes |
| **unpkbl** | Unpack Bytes to Longwords |
| **unpkbw** | Unpack Bytes to Words |

=== Floating-point Instruction eXtensions (FIX) ===

The [[wp>DEC_Alpha#Floating-point_Extensions_(FIX)|Floating-point Instruction eXtensions (FIX)]] were introduced in the EV6 and are available in all subsequent implementations.

^ Mnemonic ^ Description ^ Floating-Point Format ^
| **itofs** | Copy Low 32 bits from Integer Register to Floating-Point Register using S_floating Format | IEEE |
| **itoft** | Copy 64 bits from Integer Register to Floating-Point Register | IEEE |
| **itoff** | Copy Low 32 bits from Integer Register to Floating-Point Register using F_floating Format | VAX |
| **ftois** | Copy Floating-Point Register using S_floating Format to Integer Register | IEEE |
| **ftoit** | Copy 64 bits from Floating-Point Register to Integer Register | IEEE |
| **sqrts** | Calculate square root of S_floating Formatted Value | IEEE |
| **sqrtt** | Calculate square root of T_floating Formatted Value | IEEE |
| **sqrtf** | Calculate square root of F_floating Formatted Value | VAX |
| **sqrtg** | Calculate square root of G_floating Formatted Value | VAX |

=== Count Instruction eXtensions (CIX) ===

The [[wp>DEC_Alpha#Count_Extensions_(CIX)|Count Instruction eXtensions (CIX)]] were introduced in the EV67 and are available in all subsequent implementations.

^ Mnemonic ^ Description ^
| **ctlz** | Count Leading Zeros |
| **ctpop** | Count Population (Count number of 1's) |
| **cttz** | Count Trailing Zeros |