===== Companies =====

This page covers the companies that designed, built, sold, and supported Alpha hardware and software, and their part in Linux on Alpha. See also [[history:linux_port|History of the Linux port]] for the port itself, and [[history:news_coverage|News Coverage]] for contemporary news articles.

==== Digital, Compaq, and HP ====

=== Digital Equipment Corporation ===

Digital designed the Alpha architecture and its processors, and built AlphaServer and AlphaStation systems. Its Digital Semiconductor business, in Hudson, Massachusetts, sold processors, chipsets, evaluation boards, and OEM motherboards: "Digital Semiconductor is a Digital Equipment Corporation business." [(>{{wiki:hardware:cpu:21064:21064a_data_sheet.pdf?linkonly|21064A Data Sheet}}, January 1996, p. ii)] [(>{{wiki:hardware:cpu:21164:ev5_functional_specification_rev_1.9.pdf?linkonly|EV5 Functional Specification}}, December 1992, p. 1)] Digital Semiconductor's designs were "sold by Digital, resold by resellers, cloned and improved upon". [(>[[https://github.com/alphalinux/mailing-list-archives/blob/main/axp-list-mbox/1996-July.mbox#L956|"Re: questions on the PC164"]], David A Rusling, axp-list, 12 Jul 1996)]

Digital also ran the main Alpha/Linux FTP archive, and its engineers, among them David Rusling, Jay Estabrook, and Jim Paradis, did much of the early porting work, which they sent upstream for inclusion in the main kernel tree. [(>''README'', Linux-Alpha archive, ftp.digital.com, 4 Apr 1996)] The team came from Digital Semiconductor's Alpha Migration Tools group, whose other projects were DECmigrate, FreePort Express, and JavaOS. [(>[[https://github.com/alphalinux/mailing-list-archives/blob/main/tru64-unix-managers-mbox/1996-December.mbox#L22900|"FreePort Express no longer available on Novalink"]], Richard Gorton, alpha-osf-managers, 3 Dec 1996)]

The team's distribution, BLADE, first released on 1 July 1995, was the first Alpha/Linux distribution that could be installed without a second machine, and was meant to serve until the established distributions were ported; [(>[[https://github.com/alphalinux/mailing-list-archives/blob/main/comp-os-linux-announce-mbox/googlegroups-1995-July.mbox#L10349|"Linux/Alpha installable kit now available!"]], Jim Paradis, comp.os.linux.announce, 1 Jul 1995)] version 0.2, in August 1995, added networking and the first supported release of [[software:boot_loaders:milo|MILO]]. [(>[[https://github.com/alphalinux/mailing-list-archives/blob/main/comp-os-linux-announce-mbox/googlegroups-1995-August.mbox#L4599|"BLADE 0.2 now available! (Linux for Alpha)"]], Jim Paradis, comp.os.linux.announce, 9 Aug 1995)] In April 1997 the team released EM86, which ran Linux/x86 programs using components of Digital's FX!32 translator for Windows NT. [(>[[https://github.com/alphalinux/mailing-list-archives/blob/main/axp-list-mbox/1997-April.mbox#L10643|"EM86: Official Announcement"]], Jim Paradis, axp-list, 4 Apr 1997)]

Digital did not formally support Linux, partly so as not to favor one distribution over another, but supported it with engineering work on new systems, boot code, and drivers, from a staff of four full-time engineers in 1997. [(>[[https://github.com/alphalinux/mailing-list-archives/blob/main/tru64-unix-managers-mbox/1997-May.mbox#L24457|"Digital and its support of Linux"]], Jon 'maddog' Hall, alpha-osf-managers, 5 May 1997)]

Digital sued Intel for patent infringement in May 1997, and the two settled in October 1997. Under the settlement, Digital sold its Alpha fabrication plant in Hudson to Intel, which agreed to manufacture Alpha chips for Digital. [(>[[https://github.com/alphalinux/mailing-list-archives/blob/main/axp-list-mbox/1998-June.mbox#L50829|"IBM & Alpha, looks good!"]], Stephen J. Gaudet, axp-list, 23 Jun 1998)] The Federal Trade Commission approved the deal in April 1998, on the condition that Digital also talk to Samsung, AMD, and IBM about manufacturing Alphas. [(>[[https://github.com/alphalinux/mailing-list-archives/blob/main/axp-list-mbox/1998-April.mbox#L38781|"DEC/Intel deal includes AMD, Samsung. FTC okays."]], Christopher Curtis, axp-list, 24 Apr 1998)] [(>[[https://github.com/alphalinux/mailing-list-archives/blob/main/axp-list-mbox/1998-June.mbox#L50829|"IBM & Alpha, looks good!"]], Stephen J. Gaudet, axp-list, 23 Jun 1998)]

=== Compaq ===

Compaq's purchase of Digital was announced in January 1998, [(>[[https://github.com/alphalinux/mailing-list-archives/blob/main/axp-list-mbox/1998-January.mbox#L30690|"Re: Compaq's Purchase of Digital: Let the dust settle"]], Jon 'maddog' Hall, axp-list, 26 Jan 1998)] and by June 1998 Digital was "now officially part of Compaq". [(>[[https://github.com/alphalinux/mailing-list-archives/blob/main/axp-list-mbox/1998-June.mbox#L50829|"IBM & Alpha, looks good!"]], Stephen J. Gaudet, axp-list, 23 Jun 1998)] Compaq closed Digital Semiconductor's OEM business, and resellers came to depend on Alpha Processor, Inc. instead. [(>[[https://github.com/alphalinux/mailing-list-archives/blob/main/axp-list-mbox/1999-March.mbox#L78839|"Re: OT: Low end resellers in trouble"]], Maurice Hilarius, axp-list, 26 Mar 1999)] Compaq also released development tools for Alpha/Linux: a beta of Visual Threads, its rule-based analysis tool for debugging and profiling pthreads applications, was offered as a free download for Linux on Alpha and IA32 in April 2002. [(>[[https://github.com/alphalinux/mailing-list-archives/blob/main/comp-os-linux-announce-mbox/googlegroups-2002-April.mbox#L164|"ANNOUNCE: Visual Threads for Linux Alpha & IA32 Beta - debug/analyze pthread applications"]], Jerry Harrow, comp.os.linux.announce, 17 Apr 2002)]

Compaq's support for Linux on Alpha included:

  * It donated an Alpha to Debian in October 1998, [(>[[https://github.com/alphalinux/mailing-list-archives/blob/main/debian-alpha-mbox/1998-October.mbox#L8925|"Alpha machine donated by Compaq now available to developers"]], Paul Slootman, debian-alpha, 29 Oct 1998)] and gave Linus Torvalds an AlphaServer DS20 at LinuxWorld in March 1999. [(>[[https://github.com/alphalinux/mailing-list-archives/blob/main/axp-list-mbox/1999-March.mbox#L8784|"Compaq announcement at Linux World"]], Bill Roman, axp-list, 3 Mar 1999)]
  * It released the Compaq Portable Math Library (CPML) for Linux in 1999, [(>[[https://github.com/alphalinux/mailing-list-archives/blob/main/high_perf-mbox/1999-March.mbox#L439|"Free Compaq Math Library for Linux"]], Andrei A. Dergatchev, high_perf, 3 Mar 1999)] and in December 1999 Compaq C V6.2, free under a license agreement, and Compaq Fortran V1.0, free for non-commercial use and otherwise $399. [(>[[https://github.com/alphalinux/mailing-list-archives/blob/main/axp-list-mbox/1999-December.mbox#L32196|"Compaq C V6.2 for Linux Alpha is available"]], Rich Peterson, axp-list, 16 Dec 1999)] [(>[[https://github.com/alphalinux/mailing-list-archives/blob/main/axp-list-mbox/1999-December.mbox#L31455|"Compaq Fortran for Linux Alpha V1.0"]], Mark Arrasmith, axp-list, 16 Dec 1999)] Both had been in public beta since September 1999. [(>[[https://github.com/alphalinux/mailing-list-archives/blob/main/comp-os-linux-alpha-mbox/googlegroups-1999-September.mbox#L40458|"Compaq announces public Beta test for Linux Alpha C compiler"]], Compaq C/C++ Team, comp.os.linux.alpha, 10 Sep 1999)] See [[documentation:toolchains|Toolchains]].
  * It made the Tru64 UNIX build of Netscape Communicator available for Linux, [(>[[https://github.com/alphalinux/mailing-list-archives/blob/main/axp-list-mbox/2000-January.mbox#L37660|"Netscape communicator for Alpha Linux is now available from Compa q."]], John Jemiolo, axp-list, 27 Jan 2000)] and worked out a license with Red Hat so that the libraries it needed could be redistributed. [(>[[https://github.com/alphalinux/mailing-list-archives/blob/main/axp-list-mbox/2000-August.mbox#L19860|"Re: Bringing Tru64 UNIX software technology to Linux"]], Matt Wilson, axp-list, 25 Aug 2000)]
  * It marketed AlphaServer systems such as the DS10 with Linux as one of their operating systems. [(>{{wiki:hardware:systems:alphaserver_ds10:alphaserver_ds10_brochure.pdf?linkonly|Compaq AlphaServer DS10}}, Compaq, June 1999, p. 6)]
  * In August 2000, it released the Alpha Linux JumpStart! installation CD as an open source project. [(>[[https://github.com/alphalinux/mailing-list-archives/blob/main/axp-list-mbox/2000-August.mbox#L10082|"Announcing Alpha Linux JumpStart! as an open source project"]], Beth Zeranski, axp-list, 16 Aug 2000)]

In August 1999, Compaq stopped its work on 32-bit Windows NT for Alpha (see [[#microsoft|Microsoft]]). In June 2001, Compaq announced that it would sell its Alpha technology to Intel and move Tru64 UNIX, OpenVMS, and NonStop Kernel to Intel's Itanium. [(>[[https://github.com/alphalinux/mailing-list-archives/blob/main/axp-list-mbox/2001-June.mbox#L30811|"Re: Compaq/Intel vs API"]], Island Computers US Corp, axp-list, 25 Jun 2001)] [(>''Intel takes Alpha from Compaq's hands'', The Register, 25 Jun 2001, listed on [[history:news_coverage|News Coverage]])] Compaq's Tru64 UNIX group said that an engineering study had concluded that "by 2004, Alpha's performance would not be dramatically different from the Itanium chip from Intel". [(>[[https://github.com/alphalinux/mailing-list-archives/blob/main/tru64-unix-managers-mbox/2001-June.mbox#L34673|"Compaq/Intel agreement... postings on this list"]], Paul Henderson, tru64-unix-managers, 27 Jun 2001)] The EV7, due in late 2002, was unaffected by the agreement, but development of the EV8 stopped. [(>[[https://github.com/alphalinux/mailing-list-archives/blob/main/tru64-unix-managers-mbox/2001-June.mbox#L34268|"Compaq/Intel agreement... postings on this list"]], Vincent D'Antonio, tru64-unix-managers, 27 Jun 2001)]

=== Hewlett-Packard ===

HP acquired Compaq in May 2002. Alpha documentation from then on notes that "Compaq Computer Corporation is a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Hewlett-Packard Company." [(>{{wiki:software:firmware:alphaserver_gs140_v6.4_firmware_release_notes.pdf?linkonly|AlphaServer GS60/GS60E/GS140 V6.4 Firmware Release Notes}}, December 2002, p. 2)] HP released the EV7-based AlphaServer ES47, ES80, and GS1280, [(>{{wiki:software:firmware:alphaserver_es47_es80_gs1280_srm_console_reference.pdf?linkonly|AlphaServer ES47/ES80/GS1280 SRM Console Reference}}, December 2002, p. 2)] and the last Alpha firmware update, V7.3, in April 2007. [(>{{wiki:software:firmware:alpha_systems_firmware_update_v7.3_release_notes_overview.pdf?linkonly|Alpha Systems Firmware Update V7.3 Release Notes Overview}}, April 2007, p. 2)] It also sold the Red Hat Linux 7.2 CD for Alpha (see [[#red_hat|Red Hat]]).

In December 2002 HP publicly committed to making and selling Alpha systems running Tru64 UNIX until about 2006, and to supporting Tru64 UNIX on Alpha until about 2011, "provided there is continued customer demand". It also promised "a product refresh with the EV79 processors during the life of these systems". [(>[[https://github.com/alphalinux/mailing-list-archives/blob/main/tru64-unix-managers-mbox/gmane-2002-December.mbox#L17609|"Summary: Some questions regarding Alpha and Itanium"]], Robert Honore, tru64-unix-managers, 19 Dec 2002)]

==== Processor manufacturers ====

=== Mitsubishi Electric ===

Mitsubishi was a licensed second source for Alpha processors, and announced a 200 MHz version of the 21066. [(>[[https://github.com/alphalinux/mailing-list-archives/blob/main/axp-list-mbox/1996-June.mbox#L9904|"Re: Multia/UDB Comments"]], Eric Smith, axp-list, 20 Jun 1996)] It designed the 21164PC together with Digital Semiconductor and had the rights to build and sell it; Digital announced the chip on 17 March 1997, to be sold by Digital Semiconductor, Mitsubishi, and Samsung. [(>[[https://github.com/alphalinux/mailing-list-archives/blob/main/biz-digital-announce-mbox/googlegroups-1997-March.mbox#L1113|"Press/Alpha is Launched into the Volume WinNT PC Market w/ 21164PC"]], Digital Press and Analysts News, biz.digital.announce, 19 Mar 1997)] [(>[[https://github.com/alphalinux/mailing-list-archives/blob/main/axp-list-mbox/1996-October.mbox#L41299|"21164PC & 21264 info"]], David Mosberger-Tang, axp-list, 25 Oct 1996)] [(>[[https://github.com/alphalinux/mailing-list-archives/blob/main/axp-list-mbox/1998-January.mbox#L3421|"Re: Intel (was Re: New Boards)"]], Richard Gorton, axp-list, 5 Jan 1998)] Mitsubishi also made [[hardware:motherboards:pc164sx|AlphaPC 164SX]] boards under license. [(>[[https://github.com/alphalinux/mailing-list-archives/blob/main/axp-list-mbox/2002-August.mbox#L6772|"RE: Samsung EV69"]], Maurice Hilarius, axp-list, 8 Aug 2002)] In July 1998 it stopped making and marketing its low-cost Alpha processor, blaming in part the Asian financial crisis. [(>[[https://github.com/alphalinux/mailing-list-archives/blob/main/axp-list-mbox/1998-July.mbox#L27739|"Re: FW: Redhat 5.1 on Multi-Platforms (or Yes, we want ALPHA sw!)"]], Thunderhawk Alpha, axp-list, 11 Jul 1998)]

=== Samsung ===

Samsung was licensed to market Alpha processors in 1996. Digital and Samsung announced the agreement on 18 June 1996, describing it as an alliance "to develop and support a high volume market for products based on Digital's industry-leading 64-bit Alpha RISC architecture"; no financial terms were given. [(>[[https://github.com/alphalinux/mailing-list-archives/blob/main/biz-digital-announce-mbox/googlegroups-1996-June.mbox#L1749|"Press/Digital and Samsung Announce Alpha Microprocessor Agreement"]], Digital Press and Analysts News, biz.digital.announce, 27 Jun 1996)] [(>''Samsung Licensed to Market Digital's Alpha Microprocessors'', NY Times, 19 Jun 1996, listed on [[history:news_coverage|News Coverage]])] It made its own 21164 processors, from the 466 MHz KP21164-466CN to the 667 MHz KP21164-667CN, and sold the [[hardware:motherboards:pc164lx|AlphaPC 164LX]] and [[hardware:motherboards:pc164ux|AlphaPC 164UX and 164BX]] motherboards. [(>{{wiki:hardware:motherboards:pc164ux:pc164ux_windows_nt_user_manual.pdf?linkonly|AlphaPC 164UX/BX Motherboard Windows NT User's Manual}}, Samsung, 1998, p. B-2)] Samsung's literature listed Windows NT and Linux as the software options. [(>[[https://github.com/alphalinux/mailing-list-archives/blob/main/axp-list-mbox/1997-December.mbox#L8949|"Re: EIDE performance"]], Maurice W. Hilarius, axp-list, 6 Dec 1997)] It also made 21264 processors, [(>[[https://github.com/alphalinux/mailing-list-archives/blob/main/axp-list-mbox/1998-April.mbox#L17119|"Samsung now producing the 21264."]], Harvey J. Stein, axp-list, 12 Apr 1998)] and a Digital product brief from 1998 names Intel and Samsung as the 21264's sources. [(>{{wiki:hardware:cpu:21264:21264_product_brief.pdf?linkonly|21264 Product Brief}}, 9 Sep 1998, p. 1)]

Samsung fabricated Alphas in Korea, [(>[[https://github.com/alphalinux/mailing-list-archives/blob/main/axp-list-mbox/2001-January.mbox#L17653|"RE: FYI: Howard Elias replaces Bill Heil as BCSG head - Alpha's n ew boss"]], Mike Foley, axp-list, 17 Jan 2001)] using a 0.25 micron process, "significantly better than the Hudson fab's 0.35 micron process." [(>[[https://github.com/alphalinux/mailing-list-archives/blob/main/axp-list-mbox/2001-January.mbox#L23466|"RE: FYI: Howard Elias replaces Bill Heil as BCSG head - Alpha's new boss"]], Greg Lindahl, axp-list, 22 Jan 2001)] In 1998, it set up Alpha Processor, Inc. (see below). [(>''Samsung announces Alpha subsidiary'', 16 Jun 1998, listed on [[history:news_coverage|News Coverage]])] Samsung developed the [[hardware:motherboards:up1000|UP1000]] and [[hardware:motherboards:up1100|UP1100]] with API, which sold them, and later the [[hardware:motherboards:up1500|UP1500]] with AMD's 761 chipset. [(>[[https://github.com/alphalinux/mailing-list-archives/blob/main/axp-list-mbox/2002-August.mbox#L6772|"RE: Samsung EV69"]], Maurice Hilarius, axp-list, 8 Aug 2002)] [(>[[https://github.com/alphalinux/mailing-list-archives/blob/main/axp-list-mbox/2001-June.mbox#L28391|"Re: Compaq/Intel vs API"]], Maurice Hilarius, axp-list, 25 Jun 2001)] [(>{{wiki:hardware:motherboards:up1500:up1500_user_s_manual.pdf?linkonly|UP1500 User's Manual}}, Samsung, May 2001, p. ii)] In 2002, Samsung disbanded its motherboard design group, [(>[[https://github.com/alphalinux/mailing-list-archives/blob/main/axp-list-mbox/2002-July.mbox#L19874|"RE: Samsung EV7"]], David Mihail, axp-list, 31 Jul 2002)] and by 2003 it had stopped making Alpha boards. [(>[[https://github.com/alphalinux/mailing-list-archives/blob/main/axp-list-mbox/2003-January.mbox#L4438|"Re: UP1500?"]], Maurice Hilarius, axp-list, 8 Jan 2003)]

=== Intel ===

Intel bought Digital's Hudson fabrication plant in the 1997 settlement, and was obliged to make Alpha processors for Digital, and only for Digital. [(>[[https://github.com/alphalinux/mailing-list-archives/blob/main/axp-list-mbox/1998-January.mbox#L3421|"Re: Intel (was Re: New Boards)"]], Richard Gorton, axp-list, 5 Jan 1998)] In 2001, Intel took over Compaq's Alpha technology (see [[#compaq|Compaq]]).

=== IBM ===

IBM negotiated an Alpha license in 1998, [(>[[https://github.com/alphalinux/mailing-list-archives/blob/main/axp-list-mbox/1998-June.mbox#L50829|"IBM & Alpha, looks good!"]], Stephen J. Gaudet, axp-list, 23 Jun 1998)] and fabricated Alpha processors for Compaq from 1999. [(>[[https://github.com/alphalinux/mailing-list-archives/blob/main/axp-list-mbox/1999-February.mbox#L28100|"IBM to build Alphas"]], Peter Petrakis, axp-list, 17 Feb 1999)] [(>[[https://github.com/alphalinux/mailing-list-archives/blob/main/axp-list-mbox/2001-June.mbox#L28391|"Re: Compaq/Intel vs API"]], Maurice Hilarius, axp-list, 25 Jun 2001)]

=== AMD ===

AMD licensed the 21264's EV6 bus from Digital. [(>[[https://github.com/alphalinux/mailing-list-archives/blob/main/axp-list-mbox/1999-November.mbox#L7800|"RE: Alpha cluster?"]], Paul Bunn, axp-list, 3 Nov 1999)] Its AMD-751 and AMD-761 north bridges, designed for the Athlon, also support Alpha processors, [(>{{wiki:hardware:chipsets:amd-761:amd-761_software_bios_design_guide.pdf?linkonly|AMD-761 Software/BIOS Design Guide}}, February 2002, p. 9)] and were used in the UP1000, UP1100, and UP1500. [(>[[https://github.com/alphalinux/mailing-list-archives/blob/main/axp-list-mbox/2000-June.mbox#L21165|"RE: Alpha motherboards ?"]], Mike Foley, axp-list, 28 Jun 2000)] Alpha Processor's Slot B modules were meant to share a motherboard design with AMD's Athlon. [(>[[https://github.com/alphalinux/mailing-list-archives/blob/main/axp-list-mbox/1998-April.mbox#L17119|"Samsung now producing the 21264."]], Harvey J. Stein, axp-list, 12 Apr 1998)] [(>[[https://github.com/alphalinux/mailing-list-archives/blob/main/axp-list-mbox/1999-October.mbox#L8382|"OpenBoot, SRM, AlphaBIOS and Slot B"]], Kirk R. Erichsen, axp-list, 6 Oct 1999)] AMD dropped the EV6 bus for its Hammer processors in 2001. [(>''AMD drops EV6 for Hammer bus'', The Register, 25 Jan 2001, listed on [[history:news_coverage|News Coverage]])]

==== Alpha Processor, Inc. and API NetWorks ====

Alpha Processor, Inc. (API), a Samsung subsidiary, was based in Concord, Massachusetts. [(>{{wiki:hardware:motherboards:pc164lx:pc164lx_product_brief.pdf?linkonly|AlphaPC 164LX Product Brief}}, Alpha Processor, Inc., January 1999, p. 2)] It announced a commitment to the Linux market in January 1999, [(>[[https://github.com/alphalinux/mailing-list-archives/blob/main/axp-list-mbox/1999-January.mbox#L15586|"simple questions from a New User"]], Hooman Hodjat, axp-list, 8 Jan 1999)] and several of its employees, among them Stig Telfer, Tom Morris, and Mike Foley, took part in the mailing lists.

API sold Samsung's processors and boards, and boards and systems that it developed alone or with Samsung:

  * [[hardware:motherboards:up1000|UP1000]] (manual dated December 1999) and [[hardware:motherboards:up1100|UP1100]] (May 2000), developed with Samsung, [(>{{wiki:hardware:motherboards:up1000:up1000_user_manual.pdf?linkonly|UP1000 User Manual}}, 10 Dec 1999, p. ii)] [(>{{wiki:hardware:motherboards:up1100:up1100_user_manual.pdf?linkonly|UP1100 User Manual}}, 31 May 2000, p. ii)]
  * [[hardware:motherboards:up2000|UP2000]] (April 2000) and [[hardware:motherboards:up2000#up2000plus|UP2000+]] (June 2000), [(>{{wiki:hardware:motherboards:up2000:up2000_user_manual.pdf?linkonly|UP2000 User Manual}}, 7 Apr 2000, p. ii)] [(>{{wiki:hardware:motherboards:up2000plus:up2000plus_user_manual.pdf?linkonly|UP2000+ User Manual}}, 12 Jan 2001, p. iii)]
  * the CS20, a 1U dual-processor server, which Cray used as the building block of its SuperCluster systems. [(>[[https://github.com/alphalinux/mailing-list-archives/blob/main/axp-list-mbox/2001-January.mbox#L31275|"RE: Cray chooses Alpha Linux ..."]], Tom Morris, axp-list, 30 Jan 2001)]

API also wrote the APB boot loader for the UP1000, [(>{{wiki:hardware:motherboards:up1000:up1000_technical_reference_manual.pdf?linkonly|UP1000 Technical Reference Manual}}, December 1999)] and partnered with MandrakeSoft (see [[#mandrakesoft|MandrakeSoft]]). The company was renamed API NetWorks, Inc. at the end of 2000. [(>{{wiki:hardware:motherboards:up2000plus:up2000plus_user_manual.pdf?linkonly|UP2000+ User Manual}}, 12 Jan 2001, p. iii)] [(>''Alpha Changes Name; Debuts Server, 833MHz Processor'', Electronics Weekly, 7 Nov 2000, listed on [[history:news_coverage|News Coverage]])]

API NetWorks closed around the end of 2001. Microway bought its product assets and took over its warranties. [(>[[https://github.com/alphalinux/mailing-list-archives/blob/main/axp-list-mbox/2002-May.mbox#L9331|"Re: Burning Alpha!"]], Maurice Hilarius, axp-list, 10 May 2002)] [(>[[https://github.com/alphalinux/mailing-list-archives/blob/main/axp-list-mbox/2002-August.mbox#L8635|"Re: no more alpha letter on inquirer"]], Maurice Hilarius, axp-list, 9 Aug 2002)]

==== Board and system makers ====

  * **DeskStation Technology** was "historically a MIPS house" that built Alpha systems with its own system logic and its own Windows NT firmware and HAL. [(>[[https://github.com/alphalinux/mailing-list-archives/blob/main/axp-list-mbox/1996-February.mbox#L5967|"re: Linux on a Deskstation Raptor 3 - System?"]], Neal Crook, axp-list, 20 Feb 1996)] Its Alpha line, all of its own design down to the chipset, ran from the Raptor 3 through the Raptor Reflex to the dual-processor EV56 Renegade. [(>[[https://github.com/alphalinux/mailing-list-archives/blob/main/alphant-mbox/1996-June.mbox#L2856|"DeskStation Raptor Reflex 400 MHz"]], Nebojsa Novakovic, alphant, 9 Jun 1996)] [(>[[https://github.com/alphalinux/mailing-list-archives/blob/main/alphant-mbox/1996-July.mbox#L5737|"RE: Autodesk's Commitment to AlphaNT..."]], Charles J. McCallion, alphant, 14 Jul 1996)] It designed the Ruffian, later sold as the [[hardware:motherboards:pc164ux|AlphaPC 164UX]], and hired Dean Hall in 1997 to port Linux to it. [(>[[https://github.com/alphalinux/mailing-list-archives/blob/main/axp-list-mbox/1997-July.mbox#L2762|"Re: Deskstation Ruffian compatibility"]], Dean Hall, axp-list, 3 Jul 1997)] The rights to the Ruffian and its ARCSBIOS firmware passed to Samsung or API (sources disagree; see [[#conflicting_information|Conflicting information]]), [(>[[https://github.com/alphalinux/mailing-list-archives/blob/main/axp-hardware-mbox/2000-July.mbox#L32|"[Axp-hardware] Re: What happened to Deskstation?"]], Jay Estabrook, axp-hardware, 20 Jul 2000)] and DeskStation had gone out of business by 2000. [(>[[https://github.com/alphalinux/mailing-list-archives/blob/main/debian-alpha-mbox/2000-September.mbox#L3310|"Re: Dekstation Raptor Reflex"]], Ron Farrer, debian-alpha, 13 Sep 2000)]
  * **Aspen Systems**, of Wheat Ridge, Colorado, built boards and systems based on Digital Semiconductor designs, such as the Alpine, Timberline, and Durango (see [[hardware:motherboards:eb64plus|EB64+]] and [[hardware:motherboards:pc164|PC164]]). [(>[[https://github.com/alphalinux/mailing-list-archives/blob/main/axp-list-mbox/1996-November.mbox#L10308|"Alphas"]], Randy Perry, axp-list, 5 Nov 1996)] It announced its own dual-processor EV56 board, the Twin-Peaks, [(>[[https://github.com/alphalinux/mailing-list-archives/blob/main/axp-list-mbox/1996-November.mbox#L12328|"Re: Unidentified subject!"]], Randy Perry, axp-list, 6 Nov 1996)] and later resold the API NetWorks CS20. [(>[[https://github.com/alphalinux/mailing-list-archives/blob/main/axp-list-mbox/2000-November.mbox#L13340|"Re: 1U DUAL 833MHz Alpha"]], Tom Heibel, axp-list, 7 Nov 2000)]
  * **Microway**, of Kingston, Massachusetts, sold Screamer systems based on the [[hardware:motherboards:eb164|EB164]] and later boards, [(>[[https://github.com/alphalinux/mailing-list-archives/blob/main/axp-list-mbox/1996-July.mbox#L9445|"Re: Microway port Linux"]], Jay Estabrook, axp-list, 23 Jul 1996)] and a dual 21264 system for $20,000 in 1998. [(>[[https://github.com/alphalinux/mailing-list-archives/blob/main/axp-list-mbox/1998-November.mbox#L55063|"Microway Screamer 21264"]], Ronald Bruck, axp-list, 19 Nov 1998)] It also sold a Fortran 77 compiler for Alpha/Linux as early as 1996, when the free alternatives were f2c and an unfinished g77. [(>[[https://github.com/alphalinux/mailing-list-archives/blob/main/axp-list-mbox/1996-December.mbox#L3625|"Re: fortran 77 or 90 for axp linux"]], Michal Jaegermann, axp-list, 3 Dec 1996)]
  * **Carrera Computers**, of Newport Beach, California, supplied the Alpha systems in Digital Domain's render farm for the film //Titanic//, 105 of which ran Linux. [(>[[https://github.com/alphalinux/mailing-list-archives/blob/main/axp-list-mbox/1998-March.mbox#L29719|"Re: Digital's Titanic site..."]], Jay Estabrook, axp-list, 25 Mar 1998)]
  * **DCG Computers**, of Londonderry, New Hampshire, was a Digital authorized reseller of Alpha systems, led by Stephen J. Gaudet. [(>[[https://github.com/alphalinux/mailing-list-archives/blob/main/axp-list-mbox/1997-October.mbox#L19457|"Re: overreaction wrt. DEC/intel deal?"]], Stephen J. Gaudet, axp-list, 28 Oct 1997)] Atipa Linux Solutions bought it in April 2000. [(>[[https://github.com/alphalinux/mailing-list-archives/blob/main/axp-list-mbox/2000-April.mbox#L4918|"news item"]], Maurice Hilarius, axp-list, 5 Apr 2000)]
  * **Kenetics Technology** built the Platform 2000, which Linux supported from kernel 1.3.65. [(>[[https://github.com/alphalinux/mailing-list-archives/blob/main/axp-list-mbox/1996-February.mbox#L4631|"Re: Linux-1.3.65"]], David Mosberger-Tang, axp-list, 17 Feb 1996)]
  * **Tadpole Technology**, of Cambridge, England, built the AlphaBook notebook, which ran Red Hat Linux 3.0.3 in 1996. [(>[[https://github.com/alphalinux/mailing-list-archives/blob/main/axp-list-mbox/1996-May.mbox#L11707|"Re: insmod troubles -- any clues?"]], Richard Evans, axp-list, 17 May 1996)]
  * **Cray** used the 21064 in the T3D and the 21164 in the T3E, [(>[[https://github.com/alphalinux/mailing-list-archives/blob/main/axp-list-mbox/2000-February.mbox#L7412|"RE: Little or Big that is the question"]], Greg Lindahl, axp-list, 7 Feb 2000)] and the CS20 in its SuperCluster, announced in January 2001; Cray also planned to bring production features from its UNICOS/mk software to Alpha/Linux. [(>[[https://github.com/alphalinux/mailing-list-archives/blob/main/axp-list-mbox/2001-January.mbox#L30728|"Cray chooses Alpha Linux ..."]], Tom Morris, axp-list, 29 Jan 2001)]
  * **VLSI Technology**, of San Jose, California, agreed with Digital on 16 September 1996 to design and manufacture core logic chips "for use with future models of Digital's Alpha microprocessor", as part of a wider arrangement to produce and market Alpha components and subsystems to OEM system builders. [(>[[https://github.com/alphalinux/mailing-list-archives/blob/main/biz-digital-announce-mbox/googlegroups-1996-September.mbox#L2773|"Press/Digital, VLSI Tech Agree on Alpha Core Logic Chip Design, Prod."]], Digital Press and Analysts News, biz.digital.announce, 18 Sep 1996)]

==== Resellers ====

Most Linux users bought Alpha hardware from resellers rather than from Digital. [(>[[https://github.com/alphalinux/mailing-list-archives/blob/main/axp-list-mbox/1998-January.mbox#L30690|"Re: Compaq's Purchase of Digital: Let the dust settle"]], Jon 'maddog' Hall, axp-list, 26 Jan 1998)] Resellers active on the mailing lists included Hard Data of Edmonton, run by Maurice Hilarius, [(>[[https://github.com/alphalinux/mailing-list-archives/blob/main/axp-list-mbox/1996-November.mbox#L13188|"Re: Unidentified subject!"]], Maurice Hilarius, axp-list, 6 Nov 1996)] Quant-X in Austria, [(>[[https://github.com/alphalinux/mailing-list-archives/blob/main/axp-list-mbox/1997-March.mbox#L18452|"Re: Alpha motherboard with AT footprint?"]], Wolfgang Dreyer, axp-list, 17 Mar 1997)] VA Research, which sold Alphas until 1998, [(>[[https://github.com/alphalinux/mailing-list-archives/blob/main/axp-list-mbox/1998-November.mbox#L10829|"Re: New Alphas"]], Bob Taylor, axp-list, 5 Nov 1998)] Atipa Linux Solutions, which bought DCG Computers in April 2000, [(>[[https://github.com/alphalinux/mailing-list-archives/blob/main/axp-list-mbox/2000-April.mbox#L4918|"news item"]], Maurice Hilarius, axp-list, 5 Apr 2000)] and Island Computers of Savannah, Georgia. [(>[[https://github.com/alphalinux/mailing-list-archives/blob/main/axp-list-mbox/2001-April.mbox#L8236|"Re: API/Compaq platform approach vs. Sun"]], Island Computers US Corp, axp-list, 6 Apr 2001)]

==== Linux distributions ====

=== Red Hat ===

Red Hat released Red Hat Linux/AXP in December 1995, [(>[[https://github.com/alphalinux/mailing-list-archives/blob/main/axp-list-mbox/1995-December.mbox#L569|"Re: Any new ETA on ftp release?"]], Erik Troan, axp-list, 14 Dec 1995)] announced as release 2.1 BETA. [(>[[https://github.com/alphalinux/mailing-list-archives/blob/main/comp-os-linux-announce-mbox/googlegroups-1995-December.mbox#L9990|"COMMERCIAL: Red Hat Linux/AXP 2.1 BETA"]], Erik Troan, comp.os.linux.announce, 8 Dec 1995)] The first official release followed on 27 January 1996. [(>[[https://github.com/alphalinux/mailing-list-archives/blob/main/comp-os-linux-announce-mbox/googlegroups-1996-January.mbox#L1353|""Official" RH Linux for Digital ALPHA Computers."]], Red Hat Software, comp.os.linux.announce, 27 Jan 1996)] Red Hat released 3.0.3 in June 1996, which could be installed from CD without a floppy on most Alpha hardware. [(>[[https://github.com/alphalinux/mailing-list-archives/blob/main/axp-list-mbox/1996-June.mbox#L386|"Red Hat Linux/AXP 3.0.3 available for FTP"]], Marc Ewing, axp-list, 2 Jun 1996)] Red Hat Linux 4.0, in October 1996, was released for Intel, Alpha, and SPARC at the same time, [(>[[https://github.com/alphalinux/mailing-list-archives/blob/main/axp-list-mbox/1996-October.mbox#L4753|"Red Hat Linux/Alpha 4.0 Available Now! (fwd)"]], Erik Troan, axp-list, 4 Oct 1996)] and the 4.x updates kept Alpha in step with the other two. [(>[[https://github.com/alphalinux/mailing-list-archives/blob/main/comp-os-linux-announce-mbox/googlegroups-1997-February.mbox#L8053|"COMMERCIAL: Red Hat Linux 4.1 for Intel, Alpha, and SPARC!"]], Red Hat Software, comp.os.linux.announce, 7 Feb 1997)] [(>[[https://github.com/alphalinux/mailing-list-archives/blob/main/comp-os-linux-announce-mbox/googlegroups-1997-May.mbox#L8142|"COMMERCIAL: Red Hat Linux 4.2 for Intel, Alpha, and SPARC"]], Red Hat Software, comp.os.linux.announce, 22 May 1997)] Red Hat also hosted axp-list, //"Linux and Red Hat on Alpha processors"//. [(>[[https://github.com/alphalinux/mailing-list-archives/blob/main/axp-list-mbox/2002-May.mbox#L9331|"Re: Burning Alpha!"]], Maurice Hilarius, axp-list, 10 May 2002)]

Red Hat Linux 7.2 was the last release for Alpha. In January 2002, Red Hat said it had no plans "to port the full Red Hat Linux OS to Alpha", [(>[[https://github.com/alphalinux/mailing-list-archives/blob/main/axp-list-mbox/2002-January.mbox#L5659|"Is this really a good news ??"]], MILLET Mathieu, axp-list, 11 Jan 2002)] and the 7.2 CD for Alpha was only sold by HP, for $29, without support. [(>[[https://github.com/alphalinux/mailing-list-archives/blob/main/axp-list-mbox/2002-August.mbox#L1|"Red Hat Linux 7.2 for Alpha CD Media Kit now available"]], John Goshdigian, axp-list, 31 Jul 2002)]

=== Craftworks ===

Craftworks sold Craftworks Linux/AXP in 1996, [(>[[https://github.com/alphalinux/mailing-list-archives/blob/main/axp-list-mbox/1996-November.mbox#L27394|"Re: Red Hat vs Craftworks Linux AXP"]], Nicole Martinez, axp-list, 14 Nov 1996)] and was out of business by 1999. [(>[[https://github.com/alphalinux/mailing-list-archives/blob/main/axp-list-mbox/1999-September.mbox#L53997|"Redhat 6.1, and REDHAT QOS"]], Speedracer, axp-list, 30 Sep 1999)]

=== SuSE ===

SuSE released a beta of SuSE Linux 6.1 for Alpha in April 1999. [(>[[https://github.com/alphalinux/mailing-list-archives/blob/main/axp-list-mbox/1999-April.mbox#L9947|"SuSE 6.1 ftp site"]], Greg Lindahl, axp-list, 5 Apr 1999)] In May 2003, SuSE discontinued 7.1, "the last distribution that was available for Alpha", [(>[[https://github.com/alphalinux/mailing-list-archives/blob/main/axp-list-mbox/2003-May.mbox#L6651|"Re: [suse-axp] is dead too :( [announce] SuSE Linux 8.1 Alpha Edition available."]], Farkas Zsolt, axp-list, 23 May 2003)] and its former Alpha team released an unsupported SuSE Linux 8.1 Alpha Edition. [(>[[https://github.com/alphalinux/mailing-list-archives/blob/main/axp-list-mbox/2003-May.mbox#L4662|"Fwd: [suse-axp] [announce] SuSE Linux 8.1 Alpha Edition available."]], William H. Magill, axp-list, 22 May 2003)] Stefan Reinauer of SuSE maintained [[software:boot_loaders:milo|MILO]], announcing its releases on axp-list, the SuSE Alpha list, and milo-list. [(>[[https://github.com/alphalinux/mailing-list-archives/blob/main/axp-list-mbox/1999-November.mbox#L52865|"Milo-2.2-12 ready."]], Stefan Reinauer, axp-list, 29 Nov 1999)]

=== MandrakeSoft ===

Linux-Mandrake 7.0 was ported to Alpha in February 2000, with Alpha Processor, Inc. as a partner. [(>[[https://github.com/alphalinux/mailing-list-archives/blob/main/axp-list-mbox/1999-November.mbox#L40332|"Mandrake, API, ccc compiled kernel?"]], John Connett, axp-list, 19 Nov 1999)] [(>[[https://github.com/alphalinux/mailing-list-archives/blob/main/axp-list-mbox/2000-February.mbox#L5794|"Mandrake7 ported to AXP"]], Robb Romans, axp-list, 4 Feb 2000)] API NetWorks hosted the build machine for the cooker-axp development branch in 2001. [(>[[https://github.com/alphalinux/mailing-list-archives/blob/main/cooker-axp-mbox/2001-April.mbox#L211|"RE: It's back!! Re: status mdk.alphadriven.org"]], Kurt Ludwig, cooker-axp, 5 Apr 2001)] The last release for Alpha was 7.1. [(>[[https://github.com/alphalinux/mailing-list-archives/blob/main/axp-list-mbox/2002-February.mbox#L18397|"RE: No network on Noname box"]], Justin Malcolm, axp-list, 26 Feb 2002)]

=== TurboLinux ===

TurboLinux demonstrated an Alpha port in 1999 and 2000, [(>[[https://github.com/alphalinux/mailing-list-archives/blob/main/axp-list-mbox/2000-February.mbox#L37779|"Re: Time to wake up, Compaq (Re: Penguin64.org annoying?)"]], Robert Read, axp-list, 28 Feb 2000)] and released it in July 2000. [(>[[https://github.com/alphalinux/mailing-list-archives/blob/main/axp-list-mbox/2000-September.mbox#L23572|"Column in eWeek very positive on Alpha"]], Donald Vanco, axp-list, 11 Sep 2000)] It also added initrd support to its version of [[software:boot_loaders:aboot|aboot]]. [(>[[https://github.com/alphalinux/mailing-list-archives/blob/main/axp-list-mbox/2000-May.mbox#L2892|"aboot 0.7 released"]], David Huggins-Daines, axp-list, 2 May 2000)]

=== Others ===

  * **Linuxcare** employed David Huggins-Daines, maintainer of aboot and Debian's Alpha boot floppies, who announced aboot releases from a Linuxcare address, [(>[[https://github.com/alphalinux/mailing-list-archives/blob/main/debian-alpha-mbox/2000-January.mbox#L6265|"Re: Freeze Strategy"]], David Huggins-Daines, debian-alpha, 22 Jan 2000)] [(>[[https://github.com/alphalinux/mailing-list-archives/blob/main/axp-list-mbox/2000-June.mbox#L20531|"[ANNOUNCE] aboot 0.7a"]], David Huggins-Daines, axp-list, 27 Jun 2000)] and Martin K. Petersen, its Principal Linux Consultant, who did the Alpha work on SGI's XFS installer. [(>[[https://github.com/alphalinux/mailing-list-archives/blob/main/axp-list-mbox/2001-August.mbox#L423|"Alpha XFS installer update disk"]], Martin K. Petersen, axp-list, 2 Aug 2001)]
  * **SGI** published an unsupported XFS installer for Red Hat 7.1 on Alpha in July 2001. [(>[[https://github.com/alphalinux/mailing-list-archives/blob/main/axp-list-mbox/2001-July.mbox#L38559|"SGI XFS Red Hat 7.1 Installer for Alpha"]], Martin K. Petersen, axp-list, 30 Jul 2001)]

==== Software vendors ====

=== Microsoft ===

Windows NT ran on Alpha systems with the [[software:firmware:arc|ARC or AlphaBIOS]] firmware. In August 1999, InfoWorld reported that Compaq had laid off more than 100 people in Redmond who ported Windows NT to Alpha, and "effectively discontinued support of Microsoft's operating system on Alpha." [(>[[https://github.com/alphalinux/mailing-list-archives/blob/main/axp-list-mbox/1999-August.mbox#L31035|"Re: Done: Experience with large IDE drive and Promise Ultra/66 card"]], Jeff Bolle, axp-list, 22 Aug 1999)] According to Phillip Ezolt of Compaq, Compaq dropped only the 32-bit version, and Microsoft then dropped the 64-bit version. [(>[[https://github.com/alphalinux/mailing-list-archives/blob/main/axp-list-mbox/1999-September.mbox#L54447|"Re: Off topic: NT on Alpha (was: Alpha Users in the Toronto area.)"]], Phillip Ezolt, axp-list, 30 Sep 1999)]

=== Application and tool vendors ===

  * **Applix** ported Applixware to Alpha/Linux, and shipped it in December 1998. [(>[[https://github.com/alphalinux/mailing-list-archives/blob/main/axp-list-mbox/1998-August.mbox#L30954|"Re: Applix? Port? (was re: BUG...)"]], Eric Ding, axp-list, 12 Aug 1998)] [(>[[https://github.com/alphalinux/mailing-list-archives/blob/main/axp-list-mbox/1998-December.mbox#L38148|"Re: Applixware for Linux/Alpha"]], Applixware-for-Linux Sales, axp-list, 16 Dec 1998)]
  * **NAG** sold its Fortran 90 compiler for Alpha/Linux. [(>[[https://github.com/alphalinux/mailing-list-archives/blob/main/axp-list-mbox/1999-March.mbox#L24907|"Re: Compaq and Linux"]], David Singleton, axp-list, 10 Mar 1999)]
  * **Computer Associates** prepared a beta of Ingres II 2.5 for Alpha/Linux in 2001. [(>[[https://github.com/alphalinux/mailing-list-archives/blob/main/axp-list-mbox/2001-February.mbox#L10029|"RE: Oracle on Alpha Linux"]], Jeremy Hankinson, axp-list, 8 Feb 2001)]
  * **Metro Link**, of Fort Lauderdale, Florida, had a simple X server running on Alpha by December 1995, [(>[[https://github.com/alphalinux/mailing-list-archives/blob/main/axp-list-mbox/1995-December.mbox#L333|"Re: Ftp release date?"]], Erik Troan, axp-list, 8 Dec 1995)] and sold Motif for Linux/AXP, though its 1996 build was ECOFF and so unusable on the ELF-based Red Hat Linux 4.0. [(>[[https://github.com/alphalinux/mailing-list-archives/blob/main/axp-list-mbox/1996-December.mbox#L4412|"Re: Metro-link Motif and 4.0"]], Erik Troan, axp-list, 3 Dec 1996)] Its Metro-X server for Alpha was still unreleased in August 1998, when the company was taking names for a notification list. [(>[[https://github.com/alphalinux/mailing-list-archives/blob/main/axp-list-mbox/1998-August.mbox#L67919|"Metro X for Alpha...."]], Peter Petrakis, axp-list, 31 Aug 1998)]
  * **Xi Graphics** (earlier X Inside) was planning an Alpha port in December 1995, [(>[[https://github.com/alphalinux/mailing-list-archives/blob/main/axp-list-mbox/1995-December.mbox#L333|"Re: Ftp release date?"]], Erik Troan, axp-list, 8 Dec 1995)] and by December 1998 was selling Accelerated-X for Alpha/Linux at $150, with a demo RPM on its FTP site. [(>[[https://github.com/alphalinux/mailing-list-archives/blob/main/axp-list-mbox/1998-December.mbox#L45285|"XI graphics server review..."]], Peter Petrakis, axp-list, 19 Dec 1998)] Version 4.1.2, in 1999, supported Alpha/Linux. [(>[[https://github.com/alphalinux/mailing-list-archives/blob/main/axp-list-mbox/1999-April.mbox#L36357|"Accelerated-X 4.1.2 for AlphaLinux"]], Max Weninger, axp-list, 23 Apr 1999)]
  * **Cygnus Solutions** employed Richard Henderson, who maintained the Alpha back end in egcs and gcc and answered toolchain questions on axp-list from a Cygnus address through the late 1990s. [(>[[https://github.com/alphalinux/mailing-list-archives/blob/main/axp-list-mbox/1997-December.mbox#L16312|"Re: new library and compiler"]], Richard Henderson, axp-list, 11 Dec 1997)] Red Hat acquired Cygnus in 2000.
  * **Oracle** was asked about repeatedly on axp-list between 1998 and 2002, but no Alpha/Linux release of its database appeared, and users asked instead whether the Tru64 build could be run. [(>[[https://github.com/alphalinux/mailing-list-archives/blob/main/axp-list-mbox/1998-October.mbox#L13331|"Oracle 8 on Alpha/Linux?"]], Adrian Gartland, axp-list, 16 Oct 1998)] [(>[[https://github.com/alphalinux/mailing-list-archives/blob/main/axp-list-mbox/2001-February.mbox#L8829|"Oracle on Alpha Linux"]], Tony Hoover, axp-list, 7 Feb 2001)]

==== Companies active today ====

  * **VMS Software Inc.** (VSI) became the exclusive developer of future versions of OpenVMS in July 2014, when HP licensed it the source code. [(>[[https://www.infoworld.com/article/2608367/hp-gives-openvms-new-life.html|"HP gives OpenVMS new life"]], Computerworld, 31 Jul 2014)] It sells OpenVMS V8.4-2L1 and V8.4-2L2 for Alpha, [(>[[https://vmssoftware.com/products/versions/|Versions]], VMS Software Inc.)] and offers standard support for both through 2035. [(>[[https://products.vmssoftware.com/alpha|"Future Proof Your Alpha System"]], VMS Software Inc.)] See [[software:operating_systems#openvms|Operating Systems]].
  * **Stromasys**, formerly Software Resources International, sells Charon-AXP, a commercial Alpha emulator that runs unmodified OpenVMS and Tru64 UNIX, [(>[[https://www.avanthar.com/healyzh/decemulation/Alpha.html|"The DEC Alpha Emulation Webpage"]], updated 20 Feb 2021)] and **AVTware** sells another, vtAlpha. [(>[[https://raymii.org/s/blog/The_sad_state_of_Alpha_emulators_for_OpenVMS.html|"The sad state of Alpha emulators (for OpenVMS)"]], Remy van Elst, updated 30 Jun 2023)] See [[software:emulators|Emulators]].

==== Conflicting information ====

The following sources conflict with each other or with the account given above.

  * **Who owned Alpha Processor, Inc.**
    * [[https://github.com/alphalinux/mailing-list-archives/blob/main/axp-list-mbox/2002-January.mbox#L12658|"RE: Bye-bye our API...Drove my Alpha to the..."]], Maurice Hilarius, axp-list, 15 Jan 2002, quotes Mike Foley: "Remember, API was a Samsung company, not the other way around."
    * The same message: "Actually API was a Samsung and Compaq company."
  * **When API closed**
    * [[https://github.com/alphalinux/mailing-list-archives/blob/main/axp-list-mbox/2002-May.mbox#L9331|"Re: Burning Alpha!"]], Maurice Hilarius, axp-list, 10 May 2002: "they went out of business as of the end of 2001."
    * ''Promoter of storied Alpha to shut doors'', CNET, 28 Feb 2002, listed on [[history:news_coverage|News Coverage]].
  * **Who bought the Ruffian design**
    * [[https://github.com/alphalinux/mailing-list-archives/blob/main/axp-list-mbox/1998-September.mbox#L34922|"Re: prices on cabriolet"]], Maurice Hilarius, axp-list, 21 Sep 1998: "Actually Deskstation basically sold out the Ruffian/UX to Samsung"
    * [[https://github.com/alphalinux/mailing-list-archives/blob/main/axp-list-mbox/1998-November.mbox#L10168|"Re: clarification of board"]], Maurice Hilarius, axp-list, 4 Nov 1998: "Samsung/API bought it out about a year ago"
    * [[https://github.com/alphalinux/mailing-list-archives/blob/main/axp-hardware-mbox/2000-July.mbox#L32|"[Axp-hardware] Re: What happened to Deskstation?"]], Jay Estabrook, axp-hardware, 20 Jul 2000: "purchased by either Alpha-Processor, Inc, or by Samsung"
  * **Who took over Samsung's and API's Alpha business**
    * [[https://github.com/alphalinux/mailing-list-archives/blob/main/axp-list-mbox/2002-July.mbox#L19874|"RE: Samsung EV7"]], David Mihail, axp-list, 31 Jul 2002: "I can confirm that Samsung disbanded the motherboard design group. Their business was handed over to Microway."
    * [[https://github.com/alphalinux/mailing-list-archives/blob/main/axp-list-mbox/2002-July.mbox#L20070|"RE: Samsung EV7"]], Rich Payne, axp-list, 31 Jul 2002: "I think you're talking about API. They have sinced closed the doors and handed the support over to Microway."
  * **How long Intel was to make Alphas**
    * [[https://github.com/alphalinux/mailing-list-archives/blob/main/axp-list-mbox/1997-October.mbox#L19457|"Re: overreaction wrt. DEC/intel deal?"]], Stephen J. Gaudet, axp-list, 28 Oct 1997: "Digital inked the deal so Intel would build the Alpha for 10 years"
    * [[https://github.com/alphalinux/mailing-list-archives/blob/main/axp-list-mbox/1998-June.mbox#L50829|"IBM & Alpha, looks good!"]], Stephen J. Gaudet, axp-list, 23 Jun 1998, quoting InfoWorld: Intel is to produce the chips "for the next seven years."
  * **Whether the 21164PC was a Mitsubishi or a Samsung processor**
    * [[https://github.com/alphalinux/mailing-list-archives/blob/main/axp-list-mbox/1998-January.mbox#L3421|"Re: Intel (was Re: New Boards)"]], Richard Gorton, axp-list, 5 Jan 1998: "Mitsubishi and Digital Semiconductor jointly developed the 21164PC, and Mitsubishi has the rights to build and sell the 21164PC. Samsung might also, but I'm not sure of that."
    * [[https://github.com/alphalinux/mailing-list-archives/blob/main/axp-list-mbox/1997-March.mbox#L20472|"which new alpha chips are which"]], Robert Allen Barker, axp-list, 19 Mar 1997: "The Misubishi/Samsung chip (21164PC)"
  * **Size of the //Titanic// render farm**
    * [[https://github.com/alphalinux/mailing-list-archives/blob/main/axp-list-mbox/1998-March.mbox#L29719|"Re: Digital's Titanic site..."]], Jay Estabrook, axp-list, 25 Mar 1998, quotes three sources: "purchase 160 433MHz DEC Alpha systems from Carrera Computers", "Digital Domain has 230 Carrera Alpha workstations installed at the studio, 160 of which were dedicated for rendering", and "Digital Domain used over 200 Carrera Computers".
  * **Who ended Windows NT on Alpha**
    * [[https://github.com/alphalinux/mailing-list-archives/blob/main/axp-list-mbox/1999-August.mbox#L31035|"Re: Done: Experience with large IDE drive and Promise Ultra/66 card"]], Jeff Bolle, axp-list, 22 Aug 1999, quoting InfoWorld: "Compaq dumps Windows NT on Alpha"
    * [[https://github.com/alphalinux/mailing-list-archives/blob/main/axp-list-mbox/2000-September.mbox#L23572|"Column in eWeek very positive on Alpha"]], Donald Vanco, axp-list, 11 Sep 2000, quoting eWeek: "that August, Redmond pulled the plug on Windows for non-Intel chips"
    * [[https://github.com/alphalinux/mailing-list-archives/blob/main/axp-list-mbox/1999-September.mbox#L54447|"Re: Off topic: NT on Alpha (was: Alpha Users in the Toronto area.)"]], Phillip Ezolt, axp-list, 30 Sep 1999: "Compaq said that they would no longer support 32-bit Alpha/NT, but they would support the 64-bit version"
  * **Whether Red Hat dropped Alpha**
    * [[https://github.com/alphalinux/mailing-list-archives/blob/main/axp-list-mbox/2001-October.mbox#L25453|"Forw: FW: Red Hat has NOT dropped Alpha"]], Peter Bech, axp-list, 26 Oct 2001, quoting Compaq on The Inquirer's report: "This is totally untrue"
    * [[https://github.com/alphalinux/mailing-list-archives/blob/main/axp-list-mbox/2002-January.mbox#L5659|"Is this really a good news ??"]], MILLET Mathieu, axp-list, 11 Jan 2002, quoting Red Hat: "No, not at this time."

{{tag>history}}